如何在放置胸管的過程中，減少出血以及對組織的傷害？

保持 blunt dissection

Kelly forceps 前進時，閉起來；張開時，只向後退，不能夾到或磨到任何組織

而且保持在同一個 plane 前進；

創造出一個直徑約 1.5 to 2 cm 的洞徑，

刺穿 parietal pleura 之時，以小指尖順著 Kelly forceps 探進去，以免刺穿肺臟
with care taken to prevent the tip of the clamp from penetrating the lung

A finger is inserted along the top of the clamp through the hole to verify the position within the thorax and to make sure the lung is not adherent to the chest wall.